African Journal of Stability and Development (AJSD)

The Evaluation of the Impact of Informal Entrepreneurship on Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria

2025-05-25T19:33:53+00:00

This study appraised the contribution of informal entrepreneurship to poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Primary data was collected through the use of the questionnaire. Data was analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Findings show that: trade and commerce (F=14.65,) has a significant influence on poverty alleviation because Prob>F =.0050 is less than the 0.05 level of significance; manufacturing with F value = 24.92 significantly influences poverty alleviation because the Prob>F = 0.0000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance. Also, the technical work with F value of 16.59 has a significant influence on poverty alleviation since Prob>F = 0.0000 is less than the 0.05 level of significance. Transportation, with F value of 7.52 and Prob>F = 0.0000, which is lower than 0.05 level of significance, significantly influences poverty alleviation. Farming with 4.41 F value significantly influences poverty alleviation because the Prob>F = 0.0016 is less than 0.05 level of significance. Service business also shows significant influence on poverty alleviation with F value of 5.58 and Prob>F = 0.0009, which is less than 0.05 level of significance. However, the model has F value of 22.92 and Prob>F value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05 level of significance. It is concluded that the aggregate income generated from informal entrepreneurship leads to a reduction in poverty; thus, the informal entrepreneurs should look inwardly at things eroding their income to maximise profit from their operations.

Beyond the Pandemic: A Review of the Persistent Impacts of COVID-19 on Nigeria's Socio-Economic, Political and Health Landscapes

2025-05-30T14:32:34+00:00

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted Nigeria, affecting its socio-economic, political, and health landscapes with lasting repercussions. It has exposed weaknesses in the healthcare system, economy, and political structure, leading to severe consequences such as exacerbated poverty and unemployment, reduced economic growth, strained political relationships, increased healthcare burdens, and long-term health issues. The government's response measures have often worsened the situation, presented governance challenges and diminished citizens’ trust. The economic fallout includes decreased consumption, depreciating investments, declining net exports, and increased government expenditure. Politically, the pandemic has led to low political participation, erosion of public trust, and strained relationships between citizens and the government. The healthcare system's vulnerabilities are evident in the increased burden on healthcare services and the urgent need for improved health infrastructure. This review underscores the urgent need for proactive strategies to address these lingering impacts and for the enhancement of Nigeria's resilience against future pandemics. It calls for a multidisciplinary approach to develop and implement effective policies and programmes that mitigate the consequences of COVID-19 and strengthen the country's preparedness for future health crises.

Renewable Energy and Economic Stability: A Study of How Solar Power is Transforming Local Economies in Sub-Saharan Africa

2025-06-13T03:10:31+00:00

This study examines how solar energy is transforming local economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on how it can reduce energy poverty and foster economic stability. Solar power, an abundant and renewable resource, is increasingly being used to address the region's energy issues. However, despite the potential benefits, barriers to widespread solar adoption include inadequate infrastructure, financing challenges, and regulatory constraints. The study illustrates how solar energy is enhancing energy access, generating employment, and promoting entrepreneurship. The study is done using case studies from Kenya, Rwanda, Nigeria, and South Africa. Critical challenges to solar expansion are also identified in the study, such as high upfront costs, a lack of technical know-how, and a lack of policy support. It recommends a comprehensive strategy to hasten the adoption of solar energy that includes technical capacity building, private sector involvement, and government interventions. If these barriers are removed, solar energy has the potential to significantly contribute to Sub-Saharan Africa's inclusive economic growth, poverty alleviation, and sustainable development.

The Importance of Stakeholders' Engagement in the Implementation and Adoption of E-Procurement in Building Construction Projects in the Federal Capital Territory

2025-06-01T11:01:19+00:00

Incorporating stakeholders’ engagement is essential for the successful implementation and adoption of e-procurement in building construction projects across the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). As digital technologies revolutionise the construction industry, e-procurement offers numerous benefits, including increased efficiency, transparency, cost savings, and streamlined procurement processes. However, achieving these advantages depends on the active involvement of key stakeholders, such as government agencies, construction firms, suppliers, policymakers, and technology providers. This study aims to explore the impact of stakeholders’ engagement on e-procurement adoption in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The study adopts mixed-methods in data collection and analysis. The participants are stakeholders involved in the e-procurement implementation within FCT Administration. The findings from the study revealed high correlation between stakeholders’ engagement and e-procurement adoption. The key obstacles to e-procurement adoption include resistance to change, insufficient technological infrastructure, inadequate digital literacy, and concerns about cybersecurity. Additionally, the study found that the advantages of e-procurement include shorter procurement cycle times, reduced risks of corruption, improved contract administration, and enhanced project efficiency. The study recommends stakeholders’ education, policy alignment, structured communication systems, and leadership support as strategies to address e-procurement implementation challenges. Collaboration is also emphasised to build trust and facilitate the widespread acceptance of digital procurement solutions. The study serves as a guide to top management towards the adoption of e-procurement.

Evaluating the Impact of Insecurity on Nigeria's National Development Since the Fourth Republic

2025-06-01T14:37:01+00:00

This study critically evaluates the impact of insecurity on Nigeria's national development; it explores the interplay between persistent security challenges and the country's socio-economic progress. Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation and largest economy, has grappled with diverse security threats, including terrorism, insurgency, banditry, kidnapping, communal clashes, and herders-farmers conflicts. These threats have not only destabilised communities but also disrupted economic activities, strained governmental resources, and exacerbated social inequalities. Utilising the descriptive approach, the research explores the direct and indirect implications of insecurity on critical areas of Nigeria’s national development. It highlights how insecurity has deterred foreign direct investment, displaced populations, and weakened institutional capacities, further entrenching poverty and unemployment. The study also examines the socio-political dimensions of insecurity, including its role in fostering corruption, eroding trust in governance, and undermining Nigeria's democratic consolidation. Drawing on secondary qualitative sources from government reports, academic literature, and field studies, the research argues that addressing insecurity requires holistic and inclusive strategies that integrate military responses with socioeconomic reforms, community engagement, and regional cooperation. The study finds that increment of public spending on security, weakening of state institutions and loss of public trust in governance are some of the economic and socio-political impacts of insecurity on Nigeria’s national development. The study concludes that to alleviate the effects of insecurity on national development, it is imperative to tackle the underlying reasons of discontent, such as poverty, inequality, and ineffective governance in Nigeria.

Ethno-Religious Violence and Peacebuilding Approaches in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria

2025-06-06T11:12:46+00:00

Identity, a cornerstone of human existence, often manifests through affiliations such as religion and ethnicity. In Nigeria, the instrumentalisation of these identities for specific gains has frequently fuelled violent conflicts. Nigeria's history is replete with instances of ethno-religious and political violence, resulting in significant losses of life and property. This research examines the historical roots and expressions of ethno-religious violence in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Specifically, it investigates the 2004 Plateau State Conference, a deliberate effort to address and mitigate this violence. The articulated objectives of the conference are analysed. To understand governmental responses to the ethno-religious tensions, the study explores the emergence and functions of the Plateau Peace Building Agency (PPBA), established to foster grassroots engagement and maintain peace. Furthermore, the research considers the contributions of faith-based organisations in offering religious perspectives on conflict resolution. The study also addresses the role of commissions of inquiry and the deployment of security forces in response to these violent episodes. Findings indicate that the indigene-settler dichotomy remains a primary driver of conflict in Jos. The theoretical framework of Peacebuilding Theory is applied to analyse the ethno-religious contestations within Jos. This study relies on secondary data, utilising online resources to access relevant scholarly books, journals, and other materials, all of which are appropriately cited. As a means of addressing ethno-religious violence, the study recommends that religious and ethnic organisations actively cultivate opportunities for increased intergroup interaction and understanding.

Jurisdictional Challenges in Cryptocurrency Disputes: Navigating the Legal Maze of a Borderless Technology

2025-06-08T15:06:28+00:00

The rise of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology has introduced complex legal challenges, particularly concerning jurisdiction in dispute resolution. Traditional legal frameworks rely on geographic boundaries and centralised authority, yet cryptocurrencies operate on decentralised, borderless networks. This article examines the jurisdictional issues that arise in cryptocurrency disputes, including the challenges of determining the applicable law, identifying the responsible parties, and enforcing legal decisions across multiple jurisdictions. By analysing key legal precedents and international regulatory approaches, the study highlights the limitations of existing legal principles in addressing crypto-related conflicts. Further analysis of emerging solutions, such as smart contract jurisdiction clauses, decentralised arbitration, and proposals for harmonised international regulatory frameworks, was also studied in the article. Findings of the article suggest the need for innovative legal mechanisms that balance regulatory oversight with the decentralised nature of blockchain technology.

Evaluating Public and Industry Compliance with Standards Organisation of Nigeria’s Regulations for Safety and National Development in Jabi, Abuja

2025-06-09T20:36:17+00:00

This study evaluated the awareness, compliance, and implications of the Standards Organisation of Nigeria’s (SON) regulations among industries and the public in Jabi, Abuja. It addressed the challenges of inadequate public and industry understanding of SON’s standards, which hinder compliance and pose risks to consumer safety and national development. Drawing on Public Awareness Theory and Stakeholder Theory, the research investigated the role of effective communication and collaborative stakeholder engagement in fostering regulatory adherence. A descriptive survey design was adopted, targeting Jabi residents, Julius Berger construction company, SON officials, and consumers. A sample of 383 respondents was selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed with descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Findings indicated moderate public awareness and varying levels of industry compliance, constrained by ineffective communication, resource limitations, and technical gaps. Non-compliance was associated with the production of substandard products, which compromises consumers’ safety. The study recommended enhancing SON’s enforcement mechanisms, conducting regular workshops for industries, and launching targeted awareness campaigns using diverse communication channels. Collaborations with stakeholders, including law enforcement and industry associations, were also advised to strengthen compliance and protect consumers.

Organ Trade in Nigeria: A Governance Challenge amidst Socioeconomic Pressures

2025-06-10T12:06:41+00:00

Organ transplantation is an advanced medical procedure which offers hope to patients with failing organs. However, the number of persons who require an organ far exceeds the number of organs available through voluntary donations. This imbalance has bred illegal organ trade, an unlawful activity of buying and selling of human organs. This study adopted structural functionalism as the theoretical perspective, which maintains that political structures have their functions, such as rule making, application and adjudication to ensure equilibrium in the system. Using an exploratory research design, interviews were conducted with four organisations and three medical professionals, and the data were analysed using narrative analysis. The research found that economic desperation, weak legislation and lack of political will contribute significantly to the thriving illegal markets in Nigeria. Therefore, the research recommended the implementation of economic programmes to reduce the susceptibility of vulnerable persons to exploitation by traffickers. Also, there is an urgent need to amend the National Health Act 2014 to include comprehensive provisions addressing organ donation and transplant processes in Nigeria.

Intra-Party Crisis and Decline of Opposition Parties in Nigeria: An Assessment of the People’s Democratic Party, 2015-2025

2025-06-11T08:12:32+00:00

The study interrogated intra-party crisis and the decline of opposition parties in Nigeria, focusing on the People’s Democratic Party (PDP). It tried to examine the challenges and effects of the intra-party crises in the PDP, most especially in the area of providing a credible and viral alternative that can consolidate Nigeria’s democracy. The study was anchored on elite theory, and the qualitative method of data collection was used to glean data from observation and documentary evidence of secondary sources. The ex-post-facto research design and qualitative descriptive analysis were employed with logical induction in analysis. The study revealed that the perennial crises within the PDP, precipitated by the normless character of politics and partisan relations, have depleted the strength of the party and equally undermined its fortunes as the major opposition party in Nigeria. Based on our findings, the paper makes a case for ideologically based partisanship as a panacea to the problem.

Agricultural Credit Mobilisation and Food Security in Nigeria: Investigating the Interaction Effect of Urbanisation

2025-07-01T20:31:11+00:00

Nigeria's escalating food insecurity crisis is inadequately addressed by existing research, which often relies on qualitative insights and limited household surveys, failing to capture critical dimensions of the issue. Conventional food security metrics lack comprehensiveness, emphasising the need for broader approaches. This study fills the gap by employing holistic food security indices to offer a multidimensional evaluation and investigate urbanisation's moderating role in the relationship between agricultural credit mobilisation and food security. Using 24 years of data (2000–2023) from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) database, the study employs advanced econometric methods, including autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation, unit root testing, F-bound tests for cointegration, and principal component analysis (PCA). Results show that agricultural credit mobilisation exerts a significant negative impact on food security, while urbanisation amplifies this negative impact, further intensifying the nation's food insecurity challenges. Hence, the study recommends tailored agricultural credit schemes that address the specific needs of rural and urban areas. Policymakers should prioritise sustainable agricultural practices and food production systems that align with Nigeria’s broader goals for resilience and sustainable development.

Assessing the Determinants of Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2001-2023

2025-07-01T20:49:13+00:00

This study investigates the determinants of financial performance of commercial banks in selected Sub-Saharan African countries, specifically Nigeria, Cameroon, Kenya, and South Africa, from 2001 to 2023. The banking sector plays a crucial role in economic growth, yet its profitability remains low despite various reforms. Key variables include the bank’s internal factors on financial performance: management efficiency, capital strength, asset quality, liquidity management, market share, banking sector development, GDP growth, inflation rate, interest rate spread, and real exchange rate. This research aims to identify and compare the internal (bank-specific), industry-level, and macroeconomic factors influencing bank profitability. Utilising a quantitative approach, the study employs a dynamic panel data methodology, specifically the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), to analsze data from 20 selected banks across the four countries. The findings provide insights into the unique challenges and opportunities faced by banks in the region, contributing to the existing literature on bank profitability and offering practical implications for policymakers and banking stakeholders. The study recommends that commercial banks should incorporate fintech adoption and digital banking metrics to assess their impact on bank profitability and operational efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa. There is a need for a comparative analysis across different banking regulatory environments that could provide deeper insights into how policy reforms influence financial performance in the region.

FinTech Solutions, Financial Inclusion and Sustainable Economic Growth in Developing Countries

2025-06-14T06:01:29+00:00

This study examines how innovations in financial technology are changing financial services in developing nations. The study focuses on how FinTech can improve financial inclusion by giving underserved groups access to financial services, thereby fostering sustainable economic growth. Through a qualitative analysis of case studies from Latin America, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, the study investigates how platforms like Paystack, GCash, and M-Pesa have transformed financial access, and how they are encouraging entrepreneurship and raising living standards. However, it draws attention to issues like cybersecurity threats, regulatory gaps, and the digital divide, especially in rural areas. The results emphasise that strong policies, digital literacy initiatives, and infrastructure development are required to take full advantage of FinTech's potential for inclusive and sustainable growth. Policymakers, financial institutions, and FinTech entrepreneurs can learn from the study how to eliminate barriers to financial inclusion and promote sustainable economic growth in developing countries.

Addressing the Obstacles to the Use of Social Media in Promoting Entrepreneurship in Lafia Metropolis: Challenges and Remedies

2025-07-14T15:20:32+00:00

This paper explored the challenges associated with using social media for entrepreneurship promotion in Lafia metropolis and identified potential remedies to overcome these obstacles. Employing a mixed-method research design, the study surveyed 340 randomly selected entrepreneurs and conducted in-depth interviews with five entrepreneurs to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The findings reveal that high data costs and a lack of adequate knowledge and skills in social media usage are significant barriers to the effective deployment of social media in entrepreneurial strategies. The study further suggests that targeted interventions, including affordable data plans and comprehensive training programmes, are crucial to mitigating these challenges. By addressing these issues, entrepreneurs in Lafia metropolis can better utilise social media to enhance their business activities and contribute to the region's economic growth.

Adopting Kendall’s Tau B Correlation Model to Assess Organisational Conflict and Job Commitment of Olam Flour Mill, Ilorin

2025-07-14T15:19:48+00:00

The existence of every organisation is a result of the peace and harmonious working relationship enjoyed by both the staff and management of such companies. Olam Flour Mills Limited is no exception, though the company records some differences emanating from internal wranglings and staff commitment issues. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of job commitment on organisational conflict in Olam Flour Mills, Ilorin. The study, making use of a finite population of 232 staff members of the company, adopts a survey research design that is cross-sectional in nature. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table (1970), the study’s sample size was determined to be 148. The study employed a simple random sampling technique because the staff share similar characteristics. The findings were analysed using multiple regression analysis to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that job commitment has a significant impact on organisational conflict, with a value of 0.423 and a significance level of 0.000. The study concludes that job commitment significantly affects organisational conflict. Therefore, management of conflict in Olam Flour Mills Ilorin among staff greatly affects the organisation. The study recommends that organisations should place emphasis on managing conflicts effectively because poor conflict management can have devastating effects on an organisation.

Impact of Stability on Development in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Sector: Analysing Socio-Economic and Security Implications for Sustainable Growth

2025-06-22T00:12:12+00:00

This study examined the implications of stability in Nigeria’s oil sector, focusing on its socio-economic and security dimensions. The research explored how a stable oil industry influenced revenue generation, employment, industrial diversification, and security outcomes. The theoretical framework incorporated the resource curse theory and sustainable development theory to contextualise the relationship between oil sector governance, economic sustainability, and security. A qualitative approach was adopted, utilising secondary data from reports, policy documents, and academic publications. Thematic analysis was employed to assess historical patterns and project hypothetical outcomes under stable conditions. Findings revealed that stability in the oil sector significantly enhanced foreign direct investment (FDI), government revenue, and employment opportunities. A well-regulated industry fostered economic diversification by stimulating growth in manufacturing, agriculture, and renewable energy. Additionally, security improved due to a reduction in oil-related conflicts, enhanced government control over illicit trade, and strengthened community-government relations. However, the study identified critical challenges, including governance inconsistencies, environmental degradation, and exposure to global oil market volatility, which hindered long-term stability. To address these challenges, relevant recommendations were made. Strengthening institutional frameworks through policy reforms and independent regulatory oversight is essential to enhancing transparency and investors’ confidence. Enhancing security mechanisms through intelligence-driven strategies and community involvement was necessary to curb vandalism and illicit oil activities. Promoting economic diversification by investing in alternative sectors would reduce dependence on crude oil and build a resilient economy. These measures, if implemented effectively, could foster a stable oil sector that drives Nigeria’s long-term socio-economic and security development.

Impact of Security Challenges on Economic Stability and Development in Nigeria: Analysing the Relationship between Insecurity and Socioeconomic Growth

2025-07-16T15:23:30+00:00

The study examined the impact of insecurity on Nigeria’s economic stability and development, highlighting the extent to which security challenges undermined key economic indicators. It addressed the persistent issue of rising insecurity, which has led to declining investments, business closures, inflation, and widespread unemployment. Despite various government interventions, the problem remained unresolved, raising concerns about the effectiveness of existing security policies. The research aimed to assess how insecurity affected economic stability and national development, investigate the link between security threats and investment trends, and evaluate policy responses. It sought to answer questions regarding the extent of insecurity’s impact on business growth, employment, inflation, and critical sectors such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare. A qualitative research design was adopted, relying on secondary data sources such as government records, reports from security agencies, journal articles, and policy documents. Findings revealed that insecurity severely weakened investors’ confidence, led to capital flight, and increased inflation due to disruptions in agricultural production and trade. Infrastructure development, education; and healthcare also suffered setbacks, further aggravating economic instability. Despite multiple security interventions, policy responses remained ineffective due to poor coordination, insufficient funding, and systemic corruption. The study underscored the need for comprehensive security reforms and economic resilience strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of insecurity on Nigeria’s development trajectory.

Balancing Justice and Stability in Liberia: Implementing Transitional Justice in a Fragile Society Facing Socio-Economic Issues

2025-07-21T15:19:50+00:00

The purpose of this study is to examined the balance between seeking justice and maintaining stability in post-conflict Liberia, that is fragile and has many socio-economic issues. The study employed a mixed-methods with convergent parallel design. The 399 respondents sample for quantitative data had a 100% response rate. Ten participants were interviewed for qualitative data. Stratified proportional sampling was used for quantitative data, whereas purposive and snowball methods were used for qualitative data. Findings from the inferential statistics showed that Economic Security has a strong positive effect on the dependent variable, Transitional Justice, explaining 61.7% of the variance (R² = 0.617, p < 0.001), with a significant standardised coefficient (β = 0.444, p < 0.001). The findings from the qualitative data showed that the most significant hindrances to the pursuit of transitional justice in Liberia include political will, finance, corruption, and inadequacies in the justice system. Threat of instability, economic hardship, and political convenience deprioritised justice, leaving victims bereft of redress. For the achievement of sustainable peace and the consolidation of democracy, Liberia must pursue a balanced approach that unites both reconciliation and justice.

An Appraisal of ECOWAS in the 2023 Military Intervention in Niger Republic’s Politics

2025-07-16T19:19:34+00:00

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has consistently been instrumental in fostering regional stability; however, its suggested military intervention after the 2023 coup in Niger Republic sparked significant discussions regarding the legitimacy, efficacy, and political ramifications of such measures. This paper evaluates ECOWAS's reaction to the July 2023 military coup that removed President Mohamed Bazoum, analysing the regional organisation's transition from diplomatic measures to the consideration of military intervention. The primary issue examined is the seeming disjunction between ECOWAS's normative pledges to democracy and the actual constraints in upholding constitutional order, particularly amid increasing public scepticism and regional security instability. The objective of the study is to critically examine the role played by ECOWAS in the 2023 military intervention in Niger Republic’s politics. The research is guided by the question: What role did ECOWAS play during the 2023 military intervention in Niger’s politics? The study employs a qualitative methodology, utilising content analysis of official ECOWAS communiqués, interviews with regional policy analysts, and secondary sources including academic literature and news media. Initial findings indicate that although ECOWAS aimed to prevent the proliferation of coups and reinforce its normative authority, the action divided member states and incited local opposition in Niger, highlighting issues of legitimacy and regional cohesion. The paper concludes that ECOWAS' strategy to the Niger’s political crisis demonstrates a tenuous equilibrium between normative enforcement and geopolitical realities. The intervention threat revealed internal fissures within the bloc and underscored the necessity for more participatory and locally rooted dispute management procedures. This evaluation provides insights into the changing functions of regional organisations in Africa's democratic consolidation and peacebuilding initiatives.

Promoting Entrepreneurial Orientation for Sustainability: The Roles of Self-Uncertainty and Fear of Failure

2025-07-31T03:35:54+00:00

Nigeria is presently ravaged by banditry, terrorism, and kidnapping for ransom. These are crimes predominantly perpetrated by agile young and middle-aged individuals who ought to be actively engaged in entrepreneurship. Recognising the consequences of such societal breakdowns, United Nations member states convened in 2015 and developed an action plan— the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development— aimed at transforming the world through poverty and unemployment reduction, thereby promoting peace, social justice, and prosperity. A key component of this agenda is fostering entrepreneurial activity. However, existing evidence suggests that many individuals remain averse to these growth-oriented initiatives. Therefore, this study seeks to find out whether fear of failure and self-uncertainty are predictors of entrepreneurial orientation, using a total of 231 randomly selected residents of Ado-Ekiti metropolis. The respondents are 129 (55.8%) males and 102 (44.2%) females whose ages range from 18 to 70 years, with a mean age of 33.43 years. Standardised measures of fear of failure, self-uncertainty, and entrepreneurial orientation were used, and findings revealed that Fear of Failure and Self-Uncertainty, and their dimensions, are significant factors which predict entrepreneurial orientation. It is only the personal ability dimension of fear of failure that did not significantly predict entrepreneurial orientation. However, the dimension is negatively related, just as the potential of idea dimension, to entrepreneurial orientation, suggesting that as an individual’s fear of failure in relation to her/his perceived ability to succeed increases, her/his inclination towards entrepreneurial behaviours will decrease. The findings were discussed in light of available literature, and it is recommended that efforts must be geared towards tackling security challenges in Nigeria, in particular, and the developing countries in general, to address the fear-driven factors of funding and security which often over-ride confidence in prospective entrepreneurs’ skills, especially in volatile economies.

The Role of Regional and International Actors in Combating Terrorism in West and East Africa: A Comparative Study of ECOWAS and AMISOM

2025-08-07T03:38:09+00:00

The rising threat of terrorism in Africa, particularly in West and East Africa, has prompted the increasing involvement of regional and international actors in counterterrorism efforts. This study critically examines and compares the roles of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in combating terrorism in their respective regions. Despite the existence of several state-level and multinational initiatives, terrorist groups such as Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab continue to exploit weak governance, political instability, and socio-economic grievances. The study addresses the problem of limited comparative analyses of regional counterterrorism responses in Africa and evaluates the extent to which regional organisations have influenced security outcomes. The objectives of the study are to analyse the strategies employed by ECOWAS and AMISOM, assess the effectiveness of regional cooperation in counterterrorism, and identify challenges and lessons learned. Guiding research questions include: What are the main counterterrorism approaches of ECOWAS and AMISOM? How effective are these approaches in addressing terrorism? What are the shared challenges, and what lessons can be drawn for future regional interventions? Methodologically, the study adopts a qualitative, comparative case study approach, drawing on document analysis, existing literature, and institutional reports. Findings reveal that AMISOM has been more militarily robust, with notable territorial gains, while ECOWAS has prioritised diplomacy and legal frameworks. Both institutions, however, face structural constraints, funding challenges, limited operational capacity, and over-reliance on international partners. The study concludes that while regional organisations play a critical role in Africa’s security landscape, sustainable counterterrorism requires a balance between military force and political, economic, and social interventions. It recommends strengthening institutional capacity, improving coordination, promoting local ownership, and integrating human rights protections into all regional security frameworks.

The Impact of United Nations Peacekeeping Missions on Conflict Resolution in Sub-Saharan Africa

2025-08-07T13:37:35+00:00

The persistent prevalence of armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa has necessitated the continuous deployment of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions aimed at maintaining peace and facilitating post-conflict recovery. Despite these efforts, the region remains plagued by violence, state fragility, and recurring crises, raising critical questions about the actual impact of UN peacekeeping missions on conflict resolution. This study investigates the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations in resolving conflicts and fostering sustainable peace in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anchored in liberal institutionalism and conflict transformation theory, the research assesses the extent to which UN interventions have achieved their intended goals. Employing a qualitative, case study approach, the study draws on secondary data from UN reports, academic literature, and policy analyses. It examines four key missions: MONUC/MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of Congo, UNMISS in South Sudan, MINUSMA in Mali, and MINUSCA in the Central African Republic. The findings reveal mixed outcomes: while the missions have contributed to civilian protection, humanitarian support, and the reduction of open hostilities, they have often fallen short in addressing the root causes of conflict, facilitating political reconciliation, and achieving long-term peace. Key challenges identified include mandate ambiguity, limited resources, lack of local ownership, and complex political environments. The study concludes that while UN peacekeeping missions play a critical role in stabilising conflict zones, their effectiveness in achieving comprehensive conflict resolution remains constrained by operational, structural, and political limitations. To enhance their impact, the study recommends clearer mandates, stronger collaboration with regional organisations such as the African Union, greater investment in peacebuilding, and increased inclusion of local actors in the peace process. The paper contributes to ongoing debates on global peacekeeping practices and offers insights for policymakers and international actors involved in African conflict resolution.

Ethnicity and Political Behaviour During Nigeria’s 2023 Presidential Election

2025-07-31T19:16:39+00:00

Ethnicity has historically played a significant role in shaping political behaviour around the world, influencing government structures, political systems, and political mobilisation. This has encouraged the engagement of ethnic politics, especially during elections. The 2023 Nigerian presidential election further demonstrated the influence of ethnicity in Nigeria’s politics. Ethnic sentiment in political behaviour has been influential in furthering ethnic politics, ethnic violence, and ethnic loyalty to the detriment of national unity and development. This study examined the ongoing influence of ethnicity on political behaviour, using the 2023 presidential election in Nigeria as a case study. The study adopted social identity theory and Instrumentalism theory. This research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with quantitative surveys. This study employed multi-sampling techniques, which included clustered, purposive and accidental sampling techniques. The research found that ethnicity has a notable influence on the political behaviour of citizens, especially in Nigeria’s 2023 presidential election. However, the influence is based on factors like ethnic-driven campaigns, ethnic loyalty and interest, which illuminated the dynamic nature of ethnicity as both a unifying and divisive force in Nigeria’s political system. The paper concluded that ethnicity remains a double-edged sword, mobilising tribal loyalties while fuelling violence through the employment of ethnic favouritism and exclusion. The study recommends that Nigeria’s government should enforce legal frameworks to penalise political actors who promote ethnic-based campaigns.

Currency devaluation-induced inflation, university academic staff research output and coping strategies

2025-04-09T14:54:09+00:00

Nigerian university academic staff are exposed to hostile economic environment of currency devaluation-induced inflation, which poses as a challenge to their ability to contribute to research and development. This study seeks to investigate how currency devaluation-induced inflation influences research output of Nigerian university academic staff and the coping strategies often employed by them. Through the use of sequential explanatory mixed method research design, with quantitative data obtained from 413 academic staff in 6 Nigerian universities; and qualitative data from documents and interviewee, the study found that as Naira value declines, academic research output declines in resonance. The study also found that academic staff employ diverse economic coping strategies for personal and research output mitigation. The study concludes that currency devaluation-induced inflation inimically affects academic staff research output, and despite adopted coping mechanism, none is significantly effective. The study recommends autochthonous corrective and mitigating pathways.

Exploring the Relationship Between Effective Communication and Employee Participation at NIMASA

2025-08-14T19:19:26+00:00

This study examined the relationship between effective communication and employee participation within the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA). The background highlighted the significance of communication in fostering a participatory workplace culture, thereby addressing the problem of insufficient employee engagement in public organisations. The research was framed within the context of Social Exchange Theory and Organisational Communication Theory, which underscored the importance of clear communication and its impact on employee involvement. Employing a qualitative research design, the study utilised secondary data, interviews, and focus group discussions to gather rich insights from employees across various departments at NIMASA. The findings revealed that clear and open communication channels significantly enhanced employee engagement, job satisfaction, and overall organisational performance. Employees reported feeling more valued and involved when communication was effective, which led to a greater willingness to participate in decision-making processes. The study concluded that effective communication is essential in promoting employee participation and fostering a participatory workplace culture. By addressing barriers to communication, such as unclear messaging and insufficient feedback mechanisms, NIMASA could cultivate an environment that encourages transparency and inclusivity. These findings emphasised the necessity of prioritising communication strategies to enhance employee participation, contributing to the overall success of NIMASA and the broader maritime industry. The research provided actionable recommendations for improving communication and enhancing employee participation, which could serve as a foundation for future studies in similar contexts.

Income Insecurity and Exclusion of Older Immigrant Women in Canada: A Narrative Review

2025-08-02T18:00:55+00:00

In Canada, many older immigrants experience a lack of income security, shame, social exclusion, and social isolation due to insecure access to economic equity and redistribution. In addition, older immigrant women experience disproportionately high rates of income insecurity associated with feelings of shame and social isolation. This narrative review explores why the lack of income security is prevalent among the immigrant population and how financial instability could lead to feelings of shame, unwantedness, social exclusion, and social isolation. The analysis of the articles included in this review identified four themes: i. the mechanisms of income insecurity related to financial literacy; ii. shame, unwantedness, and social isolation associated with lack of income security for immigrant women; iii. women’s experiences with income insecurity and social exclusion; and iv. ageism, immigration, resistance, and resilience.

Bread, Circuses, and the Politics of State-Sponsored Experiences: The Duality of Role

2025-08-02T21:19:44+00:00

This paper examines state-sponsored experiences through the case study of the Roman Colosseum, interrogating its dual role as both a political instrument and a site of civic engagement. Built to awe, to distract, and to reaffirm imperial control, it was a spectacle that kept the masses fed, thrilled, and, most importantly, obedient. But was it truly one-sided? This paper explores the paradox of state-sponsored experiences, questioning whether the Colosseum was merely a tool of control or if audiences, in their cheers and jeers, found subtle ways to assert agency. Drawing parallels with modern mega-experiences like the Olympics, Super Bowls, national celebrations, the study examines how governments continue to wield experiences as instruments of influence. Yet, no experience remains fully in the hands of its creators. Whether in ancient Rome or today, audiences reshape meaning, proving that even the most calculated performances of power can produce something far less predictable like citizen’s authentic engagement or social cohesion.

Role of Communication in Fostering Development and Societal Stability: A Pathway to Sustainable Growth in Nigeria.

2025-08-12T18:17:37+00:00

Communication is a fundamental driver of national development and societal stability, serving as a tool for governance, social cohesion, and economic progress. This study examined the role of communication in fostering development and stability in Nigeria, highlighting its significance in shaping public discourse, promoting inclusive governance, and addressing socio-political challenges. Despite its critical role, communication in Nigeria faces numerous obstacles, including media bias, misinformation, digital exclusion, and political interference. These have hindered its effectiveness in fostering sustainable growth. Grounded in Social Stability Theory and Development Communication Theory, this study explored how effective communication strategies contributed to national development by fostering civic engagement, strengthening institutions, and promoting peacebuilding initiatives. A qualitative research approach was adopted, relying on secondary data sourced from scholarly articles, policy documents, and case studies. Thematic analysis was employed to identify key trends, insights, and challenges related to communication’s role in national stability and development. Findings revealed that well-structured communication initiatives, such as government-led campaigns, Nollywood productions, and grassroots media interventions, can significantly influence public awareness, governance, and social cohesion. However, challenges such as political control of media, the digital divide, and the spread of misinformation remain pressing concerns. The study recommended strengthening media independence, improving digital access, and fostering participatory communication strategies to enhance the role of communication in Nigeria’s sustainable development. Future research should explore the evolving impact of digital media on political stability and the effectiveness of indigenous communication methods in governance.

Interrogating Election Management and Postponements in Nigeria's Electoral System, 1999-2023

2025-08-11T15:39:23+00:00

The conduct of free, fair, and timely elections is considered, worldwide, the most crucial responsibility of an electoral body. In Nigeria, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) bears this duty. It has conducted seven general elections between 1999 and 2023, with four of them being postponed consecutively. Therefore, the study examined election management and postponement within Nigeria’s electoral system from 1999 to 2023. The paper employed a documentary research design based on secondary data and analysed thematically. The study found that elections in Nigeria took on a new dimension and were postponed in 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. INEC’s failure to hold elections on schedule was due to institutional challenges, policy inefficiencies, shortages of election materials at polling stations, malfunctioning equipment, technical difficulties, non-deployment of government security agencies, and staff involvement in fraud. These issues have led to disputed results, electoral violence, property destruction, fatalities, and voter apathy. The study concluded that the normalisation of election postponements by INEC has hindered democratic development and weakened democratic consolidation in Nigeria. It recommended enacting legislation to establish a fixed, legally binding date for general elections, strengthening institutional capacity to manage elections efficiently, and fostering collaboration with security agencies to ensure safety during elections.

The Political and Military Dimensions of Countering Extremism in West Africa: A Study of Nigeria

2025-08-12T10:42:09+00:00

This article examines Nigeria's military and political strategies in countering Boko Haram, a significant threat to national and regional security. The rise of Boko Haram has posed complex challenges, necessitating a multifaceted response that encompasses both military operations and political reforms. The military strategies employed include counterinsurgency operations, the establishment of the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) for regional cooperation, and intelligence gathering through community engagement. While these efforts have led to territorial recovery and operational gains against Boko Haram, persistent violence and the group's resilience highlight critical shortcomings, including intelligence failures and troop morale issues. On the political front, the Nigerian government has recognised the importance of governance reforms and humanitarian assistance in addressing the root causes of extremism. However, challenges such as corruption, inadequate humanitarian responses, and limited reintegration programmes for former combatants hinder effective implementation. This article argues that a holistic approach combining military action with meaningful political reforms is essential for sustainable counter-extremism efforts. Strengthening intelligence capabilities, improving military logistics, and fostering community trust are crucial steps toward enhancing operational effectiveness. Ultimately, achieving lasting peace and stability in Nigeria requires addressing both immediate security concerns and the socio-economic grievances that fuel radicalisation. This study contributes to the discourse on counter-terrorism in West Africa by providing insights into Nigeria's unique challenges and opportunities in combating violent extremism.